状语语法总结_状语高考考点

1.程度状语从句的讲解

2.When引导时间状语从句的用法和时态，谢谢

3.高考英语语法考点总结

4.成人高考语法考点

5.高考英语语法：由关系副词when，where，why引导的定语

Put the book where it was.直译的话就是“把书放到它刚才的那个地方”。where it was 是表地点的地点状语从句，做动词put的地点状语。其中，where是地点状语从句的表语成分，所以不缺成分的

Put the book in the place where it was。与上面那句是同一句，where仍旧做表语，副词可以做表语，不一定要that才能做表语。这句where也可以替换为in which

程度状语从句的讲解

一：非谓语：（1）形式有三种：动词不定式，动名词，分词。

动词不定式相当于名词，形容词，副词，可做主语，宾语，宾补，表语，定语，状语（即谓语以外的所有句子成分）；动名词相当于名词，可做主语，宾语，表语，定语；分词相当于形容词，副词，可做宾补，表语，定语，状语；

（2）语态：若逻辑主语是动作的发出者，则用主动；若逻辑主语是动作的承受者，则用被动；若逻辑主语既不是动作的发出者也不是承受者，则：动词不定式用独立结构

动名词用复合结构

分词用独立主格结构

举例：A）动词不定式作主语：To finish my homework is my job.

宾语：I want to have a wise brain.

宾补：I want you to attend the meeting.

表语：You job is to earn money.

定语：He is to go to college.

状语：I get up early in order to recite the poem.

独立结构：To tell you the turth,I am a student.

注意：1:有些宾语的不定式有自己的补语，则应用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语后置，如：I think it important to study English well.

2:不定式一般不做介词的宾语，除在极少数介词后才行（如but,except），此时动词不定式可带to也可不带to，如：He seldom comes except (to)see my daughter.

B)动名词做主语：Reading is my habbit.

宾语：The old need looking after.

表语：I am reading.

定语：He was looking the hanging picture.

复合结构：Alan's illness accounts for his coming late for school.

注意：1：一些特殊句式，如It is no good(no use,fun,a wast of time)+doing

There is no.....+doing

2:动名词复合结构的一般规则是：逻辑主语是有生命的名词，作主语时，须用名词的所有格形式或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，可用普通格或人称代词宾格。

C）：分词作宾补：I mind your somking.

表语：The news is encouraging./The glass is broken.

定语：This is a reading room./The book written by him is interesting.

状语：Seen from the top of the mountain,the city is beautiful.

二：虚拟语气：

A):在条件从句中：

1):表示与事实相反 条件从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式

表示现在情况 if+主语+did should/would/could/might+do

表示过去情况 if+主语+had done should/would/could/might+have done

表示将来情况 if+主语+were to do should/would/could/might+do

if+主语+should do

if+主语+did

2):在省略if的条件从句中，从句有were,should,had时，可省略if，而把它们置于主语之前，如：

If I had had time, I would have made an appointment with you.变成Had I have time,I would have an appointment with you.

3):介词without引导的短语可用来代替if引导的虚拟条件从句，如:If there were no water,fish couldn't live.

可由Without water,fish couldn't live.来代替。

4）：错综时间的条件从句，主句和从句的谓语动词要依照设定的时间而定。如：If you had studied hard at that time,you would do it easily now.

B);在宾语从句中

1）：在一些表示“坚持，命令，要求，建议”的词（如insist,command,order,require,request,desire,demand,advise,suggest,propose)后面接的宾语从句用should do,should可省略。

2):wish引导的宾语从句有三种情况：

1，现在：用过去式；

2，过去：用过去完成时；

3，将来：用（would/could)+do。

3）：在would rather引导的宾语从句中

当从句表示现在或将来的时间时，谓语动词用一般过去式；表示过去的时间时，谓语动词要用过去完成时。

C）：在主语从句中

在句型“It is strange/necessary/natural/important/right/pity/sorry+that......”中，that后面从句的谓语动词用：should do。注意：有些过去分词可以当形容词使用，在主语从句中要用虚拟语气，如It is ordered/commanded/required/advised/suggested that we/you /he/ she(should）+do .

D)：在表语从句中

主句的主语常是表示说话人的命令，要求，建议，愿望等的名词（如order,command,requirement,demand,advise,suggestion,wish,desire),表语从句的谓语动词用（should)+do.如:Our suggestion is that you (should）be there on time.

E）：在同位语从句中

同位语从句的先行词常是说话人愿望，建议，要求，命令等的名词。如：We put up with our suggestion that you (should) be there on time.

F):在as if从句中

1）：在as if从句中，常用虚拟语气，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式。

2）：当不接虚拟语气时，表示可能或真实的情形。如：It looks as if it is going to rain.

3）：虚拟语气中的几个特例

1，if only 意为：若是……那该多好啊;真希望……；只要，只要……就好了，如:If only I could fly.

2，It's(high)time that……that从句要用虚拟语气：谓语动词用过去式或should do 。如：It's high time that we should go.

3，一些短语，如：but for(要不是），without,otherwise（否则），in that case(如果那样的话），表示含蓄的条件，这是主句要用虚拟语气。如：Without your help,I couldn't finish it on time.

三：倒装句

A):完全倒装：谓语的全部放在主句之前。（此结构常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时）

1)用在there be结构中，此外，在此结构中可用来代替be的动词有exist,seem,happen,appear,hve,rise,stand等。如：There are many students in my classroom.

2):表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词如now,then,here,there,up,down,in,away,out等置于句首时，为使生动地描述情景而采用倒装语序，谓语动词常用动语come,go,be,lie,run,rush等。如：Now comes your turn.

注意：当代词作主语时，主谓语序不变。如:Here it is.

3):当句首为表示地点的介词词组时，也常引起全部倒装。如：From the valley came a frightening sound.

4):为平衡句子结构，或使上下文衔接紧密，表语置于句首时，倒装结构为：表语+连系动词+主语

1，“形容词+连系动词+主语”如:Present at the meeting were my sister.

2,“过去分词+连系动词+主语”如：Gone are the days when we were poor.

3,“介词短语+be+主语”如：Among the goods are flowers and toys.

B):部分倒装：只把系动词、助动词、情态动词放在主句之前。

1):在疑问句中，如：Can you speak English?

2):用于“never,hardly,seldom,scarely,rarely,barely,little,often,at no time(决不），by no means(绝不），under no circumstances(在任何一种情况下都不),in no case(绝不），in no way(决不）”等含有豆丁意义的副词或连词在句首的句型中。如:Little did he care about his own safety.

3):用于“no sooner....than....,hardly.....when.....,和not until....,not only....but alsol....,neither....nor”的句型中，主句部分用部分倒装。如:Not until the children fell asleep did the mother leave the room.

4):"only+状语"置于句首是要进行部分倒装，状语包括副词，介词短语和状语从句。如：Only then did he realise the importance of English.

5):用于“so/such....that"句型，so/such置于句首时，要部分倒装。如：So fast did he run that I couldn't catch up with him.

6):用于“形容词（或名词，动词）+as (though)"引导的让步状语从句中。如：

Try as you would, you might fail again.

Beautiful as she is,she isn't clever.

Child as he is ,he knows a lot.

7）：用于省略if 的条件状语从句中，把助动词were,had,should提到主语前面。

When引导时间状语从句的用法和时态，谢谢

状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下:

1． 时间状语从句

常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until

特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when

I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.

While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.

The children ran away from the orchard(果园), the moment they saw the guard.

No sooner had I arrived home ,then it began to rain.

Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

2． 地点状语从句

常用引导词：where

特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere

Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.

Wherever you go, you should work hard.

地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型，例如：

句型1：Where+地点从句，（there）+主句。

注意此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如：

Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。

They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。

You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。

Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国***，哪里人民就得解放。

句型2：Any/where+地点从句/主句。

注意anywhere本身是个副词，但是，常可以引导从句，相当于连词，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处”。例如：

Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。

3． 原因状语从句

常用引导词：because, since, as, for

特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.

My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.

我的朋友不喜欢我，因为我又英俊又成功。

Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.

既然每个人都到了，让我们开始我们的会议吧。

The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.

更高的收入税是有害的，因为它或许会阻碍人们努力赚钱。

4． 目的状语从句

常用引导词：so that, in order that

特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that

The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.

老板要求秘书快写函件以便他能在上面签字。

The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

为了让后面的学生听得更清楚，老师有意地提高了他的声音。

5． 结果状语从句

常用引导词：so … that, such … that,

特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,

He got up so early that he caught the first bus.

It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.

To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.

6． 条件状语从句

常用引导词：if, unless,

特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that

We’ll start our project if the president agrees.

You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.

Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

7． 让步状语从句

常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though

特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.

尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。

The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.

No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.

He won’t listen whatever you may say.

8． 比较状语从句

常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)

特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B

She is as bad-tempered as her mother.

The house is three times as big as ours.

The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.

Food to men is what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。

9． 方式状语从句

常用引导词：as, as if, how

特殊引导词：the way

When in Rome, do as the Roman do.

She behaved as if she were the boss.

Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

10. 状语从句的简化

状语从句的省略

状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:①主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；②从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如：

When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year .

He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible.

另外，比较状语从句经常省略。例如：

I’m taller than he (is tall ).

The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ).

就状语从句而言,有时为了使语言言简意赅,常常将状语从句进行"简化"。状语从句的"简化"现象在口语中较为普遍,而且在高考中的复现率也较高。因此,有必要对其进行全面、透彻的了解。

状语从句的"简化"现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:①由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;②由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句;③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引导的时间状语从句;④由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句;⑤由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。下面针对这五种情形作一归纳。

(1)当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动词是be时,it和be要完全简化掉。例如:

If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。

You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。

(2)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常用于以下几种情形:

a.连词+形容词

As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.他小时候就学会了骑自行车。

Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。

Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。

b.连词+名词

While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.他在孩子时代就乐于助人。

Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director.尽管他曾是个农民,但现在他是位著名的导演了。

c.连词+现在分词

As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。

Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.尽管近来他一直在学数学,但他仍然没有取得好成绩。

d.连词+过去分词

He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited.除非受到邀请,否则他不会和我们一道去那里。

The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.这场音乐会出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。

e.连词+不定式

He stood up as if (he were) to say something.当时他站起来好像要说什么。

He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.即使他来负责,他也解决不了这个问题。

f.连词+介词短语

She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻烦。

He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.他到美国之前就懂英语了。

注意:当从句主语和主句主语不一致时,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用独立主格结构来表达。例如:

When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room.当会议结束时,人们都走出了会议室。(=The meeting over,

高考英语语法考点总结

when的用法是高考的考点之一，也是中学生学习中的难点。现结合高考试题中的单项填空题，探寻when用法的命题方式，旨在帮助同学们把握其要点，使复习更有针对性。

一、测试when引导的时间状语从句谓语动词的时态。

1.-When will you come to see me, Dad?

-I will go to see you when you ____ the training course.(北京2003春)

A. will have finished B. will finish

C. are finishing D. finish

分析在when引导的时间状语从句中，常用一般现在时表示一般将来时。

2.Tom ____ into the house when no one ____.(MET92)

A.slipped;waslooking B.hadslipped;looked

C.slipped;hadlooked D.wasslipping;looked

分析when引导的时间状语从句可兼指"时间点"与"时间段"。"溜进门"是一时的动作，而且发生在"没人看见"的过程中，所以第一个空用一般过去时，第二个空用过去进行时。

提示when引导时间状语从句时，表示"当……的时候"，从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的。它引导的时间状语从句通常用一般现在时表示一般将来时；用一般过去时表示过去将来时；用现在完成时表示将来完成时。

二、测试when引导的时间状语从句的省略。

When ____, the museum will be open to the public next year.(上海2002春)

A.completed B.completing

C.being completed D.to be completed

分析when引导时间状语从句时，若从句的主语与主句的主语相同，且在从句谓语中含有be时，通常省略从句的主语和be。

提示when引导时间状语从句，主谓具有被动关系时，省略之后，谓语部分只留过去分词；主谓具有主动关系时，省略之后，谓语部分可以是现在分词、形容词、副词或介词短语。

三、测试when作并列连词的用法。

He was about to tell me the secret ____ someone patted him on the shoulder.(上海2002)

A.as B.until C.while D.when

分析when作并列连词用时，表示"在那时；突然这时"，相当于and then或at that time。

四、测试when作从属连词的用法。

Don't be afraid of asking for help ____ it is needed.(NMET2003)

A.unless B.since C.although D.when

2.Why do you want a new job ____ you've got such a good one already?(NMET98)

A.that B.where C.which D.when

分析when表示"当……的时候"，引导时间状语从句，表示主句谓语动词所表示的动作发生的时间。when还可表示"既然"，引导原因状语从句，相当于since。

提示解答这类试题的关键是，正确理解主句与从句间的逻辑关系，熟记when作从属连词的各种用法。

五、测试when作关系副词的用法。

The film brought the hours back to me I was taken good care of in that far-away village.(NMET2001)

A.until B.that C.when D.where

分析when作关系副词用时，引导定语从句，修饰前面指时间的名词，且在从句中充当时间状语。

提示when既可引导限制性定语从句，又可引导非限制性定语从句，还可引导分隔式定语从句。

成人高考语法考点

一．非谓语动词

一．不定式：

一）不定式的常考形式：

1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.

被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.

语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生

2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.

被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.

语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前

二）不定式常考的考点：

1）不定式做定语----将要发生

2）不定式做状语----目的

3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.

三)不定式的省略

1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel

+ do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；

+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.

昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)

I saw him working in the garden yesterday.

昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）

" 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.

2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to

I 'd like to have John do it.

I have my package weighed.

Paul doesn't have to be made to learn.

3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do

四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：

want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do

force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do

be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do

We agreed _______ here，but so far she hasn't turned up yet．（NMET

1995）

A．having met B．meeting C．to meet D．to have met （Key：C）

五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式

accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.

三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。

He needs (a lot of) encouraging.

二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词

1)是名词 seeing is believing

2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary.

一)动名词的形式:

一般形式：I don't like you smoking.

完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.

被动形式：This question is far from being settled.

二) 动名词常考的点

1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数

2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词

3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.

I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon．（MET 1992）

A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对）

I regret not having taken your advice.

4)有些词后只能接动名词

admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...

另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法：

it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point...

5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可

remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。

I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作)

I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作)

forgot remember的用法类似。

I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你…

I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。

try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.

try -ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day.

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。

To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。

prefer的用法：

我宁愿在这里等。

3 分词：

现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态

现在分词的形式:

1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生)

2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前)

3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)

过去分词

1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared.

2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做)

这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系--主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。

二：虚拟语气和情态动词

情态动词的基本用法及其区别

最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词的基本用法及其区别，因此在平时学习时准确理解和掌握情态动词的基本用法十分重要。情态动词的用法复杂多变，在高考试题中，命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的细微差别来考查学生对情态动词的理解和掌握。对于情态动词，除了要求考生能够准确掌握它们的基本用法外，还要充分利用高考试题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所体现的特殊关系。下面就近几年来高考试题中出现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分析，以便同学们复习掌握。

一、用"情态动词＋have ＋done"结构表示对过去动作的推测，高考试题中常用过去时态或过去的时间状语给以暗示。情态动词的这一用法可以用 "对立统一"来概括。

1．当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明，且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整体时，我们可用"统一"关系来解决这样的试题。常见的结构有：

must have done：

表示对过去动作的肯定推测，常译作"一定做了……"，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为can't／couldn't have done?

疑问式为Can／Could...have done？。

could ／might have done：表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测，常译作"可能做了……"。如：

1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he

＿＿＿＿＿ your lecture． ?(上海 2000)

A． couldn't have attended

B． needn't have attended

C． mustn't have attended

D． shouldn't have attended

本题选A。

2) Jack ＿＿＿＿ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me． (上海'97

A． mustn't have arrived

B． shouldn't have arrived

C． can't have arrived

D． need not have arrived （C）

2．当试题的前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时，常借助"but, however, instead"等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符，这时我们就可以用"对立"关系来解决这样的试题。这种结构常见的有：

should have done ／ ought to have done：表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。

should not have done ／ ought not to have done：表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。

由句中的连词but可知前后句之间是对立关系，分析题意可知本题应选C。

二、考查情态动词基本用法之间的比较和辨析。最近几年高考试题中常借助具体的语境来考查考生对那些最常见的情态动词的基本用法的理解和掌握，因此在做这样的试题时应认真分析语境中所含的实际意义，并结合情态动词的基本含义和用法做出正确的选择。

虚拟语气

" 最自然的虚拟状态：由should/would+原型时态（不含时间只含状态）

本质上是过去将来时：即，时间固定在过去将来，状态不同：一般、进行、完成、完成进行。

这时"虚拟语气"的产生往往是因为我们要表达"本来应该……"（而现在却还没有……）

（本来可以……，本来能……）

一些常见的句型中，就会出现这种虚拟语气，而处于从句之中，should 常常被省略掉

o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;

o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;

o require, request;

o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.

由于他们的含义中包含"建议，假设，应该"这类的含义，所以，由他们引起的从句中，就会包含有should+原型时态构成的虚拟语气。

这些动词（以及他们的名次形式，分词形式）引起的从句还有其他的变形

主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句

It's suggested that…

My suggestion is that…

The only suggestion that...

The only suggestion I can give you now is that…

一些形容词引起的表语从句中，也会有同样的情况

important; necessary; essential

It's natural ; strange; incredible that

a pity; a shame; no wonder

? 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的从句中多使用should

" 表达与事实相反

1. 与现在相反：使用[过去时]：

I wish I were not here! (一般现在'一般过去)

Suppose we were not here.

He loved me as if I were his own son. (一般现在'一般过去)

Hope I weren't always losing things! (现在进行'过去进行)

If only/If I hadn't been there! (现在完成'过去完成)

What if I hadn't been waiting right here! (现在完成进行'过去完成进行)

常考句型：It's (high) time (that)…; would rather (that)…

这两个从句，只能表达对现在的看法，所以，从句中只有一般过去时。

2. 与过去相反：过去完成时；

3. 与将来相反？将来的事情没有发生，所以只能推测且实现可能很小

I wish he could not smoke any more.

不过，由于可以用be to表示将来；所以，虚拟语气中经常出现were to；也是CET-4的常考语法点。

" 虚拟条件句

o if 部分，做一个与事实相反的假设（所以只有一般过去和过去完成）

o 主句部分，这是表示基于这个假设的推测，一般使用情态动词would，少数情况下使用could/might/should。

o 注意：两个部分之间，是有逻辑关系，而在两部分的谓语动词时态上，没有必然的联系。

" 注意，虚拟条件句中的if可以省略，造成were/had提前，产生倒装。

" 隐含的非真实条件 :由特殊的词给出条件: with, without, in , but for, otherwise, or

How could I be happy without you? In his shoes, I would kill myself.

But for the storm, we would have arrived.

三、一致关系

一)主谓一致

1． 主谓一致（与插入语无关）

1主谓的分隔原则：主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。

2定语从句中的主谓一致：

3随前一致：

n. + together with n2

as well as

including

along with

with / of

accompanied with / by

4就近原则：n1 or n2 +v（就近原则）

either n1 or n2

5可数n1 and 可数n2+v(pl)

不可数n1 and 不可数n2+v(pl)

例外：war and peace is… war and peace是一个整体

但是如果主语表示的是同一个概念，同一人，同一事的时候，谓语动词用单数，这种结构的特征是and连接的两个词只有一个冠词。

The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.

The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.

The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.

类似的还有：law and order bread and

butter black and white

To love and to be loved is …

A lawyer and a teacher are…

A lawyer and teacher is …

6随后原则：not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(与B一致)

7百分比结构：most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent

of+n1+v.（由n1决定

8倒装结构的主谓一致：

a）There be +n 由名词决定动词

b）Among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构：

Among / Between …+系动词+n. （由名词决定动词）

9The+adj的主谓一致：

a）当表示"一类人"，

b）当表示某一抽象概念时

The good is always attractive.

10 To do/doing/主从+vs

*More than one+n

many a +n.

a day or two

二)、倒装

1 全部倒装

是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：Up went the plane = the plane went up.

1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。

2) 表示运动方向的副词(back, down, off, up)或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。

注意：1) 上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能倒装。Here he comes. Away they went. 2) 谓语动词是be的时候，不能倒装。 Here it is. Here you are.

3） 形容词短语/分词短语位于句首，引起倒装

*typical of characteristic of

*coinciding with + n

4） 表示地点范围的介词短语位于句首，谓语动词为系动词，一定引起倒装

In…（表语）+系动词+主，主同。

*在倒装句型答案中不能出现there

*常考介词要倒装：among between in at beneath

常考的系动词：be lie exist remain rest

部分倒装

1． 否定 adv 位于句首，引起倒装：not only, not until, hardly, scarcely,

seldom, rarely, no sooner…than

1） not until + 时间 + 主谓倒装，not until + 句子+主谓倒装

2） only+状语位于句首

only +ad. eg: recently

prep.短短语 eg: in recently years

从句 eg: when clause

only一个词本身不倒装

3） 在比较级结构中，than后面可以倒装，也可以不倒装。

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。

? 1) Neither, nor, so 表示前面句子的共同否定或者肯定，产生倒装，一般主动词提前，谓语动词的其他部分就

4) as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。

as〔让步〕虽然，尽管〔词序倒装。语气比 though 强〕。

Successful as he is, he is not proud. 他虽成功，却不骄傲。

Women as she is, she's every brave.

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

注意：A) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。B) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

5) 其他部分倒装

a) so… that 句型中的so; such… that句型中的such位于句首时，需倒装。

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

b) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.

c) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。Were I you, I would try it again.

四、复合句

从句可分为：

? 名词性从句' 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句

? 形容词性从句'定语从句

? 副词性从句'状语从句

" 常考的关系代词：that; which; who/whom/whose; where; when; what; as。

" 常见的同位语从句现行词（that之前的抽象名词）：fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding…

" 常用的引导词

o 时间状语从句：while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; ever since; as/so long as; as soon as; no sooner… than; hardly… when; scarcely/barely… when; the moment/minute/instant; on (the point of) doing…

o 地点状语从句：where; wherever

o 原因状语从句：because; since; as; seeing that; considering that; now that; in that; for fear that; lest; owing to the fact that; because of the fact that; due to the fact that…

o 方式状语从句：as; as if; as though; how; save that…

o 比较状语从句：as; than; as… as; not so… as; hardly… than;

o 结果状语从句：so that; so… that; such… that; so as to…

o 条件状语从句：if; unless; in case; so long as; so far as; provided/providing/that; supposing; granted/granting that…; giving that…

o 让步状语从句：though; although; even if; even though; whether; as; however; no matter (what, how, when); for all that; in spite of the fact that; granted that; regardless of the fact that…

o 目的状语从句：that; so that; in order that; lest; for the fear that; in case…

定语从句:

which 引导的定语从句结构

1）which是关系代词，which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子，

在这个句子中，which要作成分，作主语或者宾语

2）in which+完整的句子

which在定语从句中作in的宾语，所以不能作后面句子的主语

3）名词+of which+谓语动词

of which来修饰名词，名词在定语从句中作主语，所以后面直接跟谓语动词

I have five books three of which are borrowed from Mary.

4）介词+ which +to do 其功能相当于定语从句。

The key with which to open the door is lost.

5）定语从句的省略结构：

1． 如果that / which在定从中作 宾语，可以省略.

sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt

→s+vt+n+s+v

s+vt+n1+n2+vt

*当做题时，若发现两个名词在一起，但是似乎连不上，则一定省略that /

which，则动词为vt，做谓语。

6）定从的特殊省略

the way (in which) + 句子

the reason (why that)+句子 均为完整句

the time (that / when)+句子

I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweetest voice in the world.

By the time省that+句子，句子。

7）定从的主系省略（主+系可同时省）

即：which be , who be , that be可同时省

状语从句省略结构

这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件：

第一、特定的状语从句引导词：although though even though when while if as

第二、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致；

第三、从句的谓语必须是be动词，主语和be动词同进同出，比如上面的they和are要么同时省略，要么同时保留。

高考英语插入语及插入句的用法

在NMET中，插入语屡见不鲜，由于插入语通常与句中其它成分没有语法上的关系，因此给考生的理解带来一定困难。插入语多半用逗号与句子隔开，用来表示说话者对句子所表达的意思的态度。插入语可能是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。

一、常用做插入语的副词

indeed的确， surely无疑， however然而， obviously显然， frankly坦率地说， naturally自然， luckily (或happily) for sb.算某人幸运， fortunately幸好， strangely奇怪， hone stly真的， briefly简单地说等。

1. Surely， she won?t go to China Telecom with you.

当然她不会和你一起去中国电信。

2. Strangely， he has not been to China Unicom. Still more strangely， he has not called me.

奇怪，他未来过中国联通。更奇怪，他没给我打电话。

3. Fortunately， I found the book that I?d lost.

幸亏我找到了已丢失的那本书。

二、常见的作插入语的形容词或其短语

true真的， funny真可笑， strange to say说也奇怪， needless to say不用说， most impor tant of all最为重要， worse still更糟糕的等。

1. Strange to say (或True)， he should have done such a thing.

说也奇怪(或真的)，他竟然做出这样的事。

2. Most important of all， you each over?fulfilled your own task.

更为重要的，你们各自超额完成了自己的任务。

三、常用作插入语的介词短语

in a few words(或in sum， in short)简而言之， in other words换句话说， in a sense在某种意义上， in general一般说来， in my view在我看来， in his opinion(judgment)按照他的意见(判断)， in conclusion总之， in summary概括地说， in fact事实上， in the first place首先， in addition此外， of course当然， to our knowledge据我们所知， to my joy(delight， satisfaction)使我欣慰(高兴、满意)的， to their surprise(astonis hment， amazement)使他们惊奇的， to her regret (disappointment)使她遗憾(失望)的， for instance(或example)例如， as a matter of fact事实上等。

高考英语语法：由关系副词when，where，why引导的定语

1、定语从句

定语从句是考试中的重中之重。定语从句有两大考点，关系词选择和非限定性定语从句。关系词的选择关键要从其在从句中担任着的成分决定的，而不是在主句中的。

非限定性定语从句通常由逗号与修饰的名词相隔开，而且只能由which，who，whom，whose引导，其中which既可以指物，也可以指前面一整句话。

2、分词作状语有几种情况

有时还可表示伴随情况或方式;注意在一些动词短语中to为介词，后加名词或动名词;现在分词短语还可作原因状语;在某些动词或词组后常用现在分词作状语，对前面内容进行补充。

3、主谓一致

就近原则either…or…，neither…nor…，not only…but also…等结构作主语时，由第二个词后的名词决定谓语形式;表示时间，距离，金钱，速度等的数量词作主语时，通常将其看作是一个整体，为单数;当主语后跟有、with，together with，as well as，but ，except等短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。

4、虚拟语气

引导的条件状语中，表示与现在情况相反的假设，表示与过去情况相反的假设时;would rather后若加从句则要用过去式表示虚拟语气，也可以直接加do sth宁愿做…;表建议，要求，命令的动词，及与其相关的名词、形容词或分词，后面的从句中都要用should+动词原形作谓语，should可省略; wish后表示与现实相反的愿望时要用虚拟语气。

5、省略句

在一些时间，条件或让步状语从句中，当主句和从句的主语相同，而从句为主系结构时(即有be)，可将从句主语和系动词一起省略。

6、倒装句

only后面加状语，并放于句首时，句子用倒装;而当其修饰其它成分时不倒装;表示否定意义的副词或短语，如seldom，never，rarely，in no time.

1. 基本用法

　定语从句除可用关系代词引导外，还可用关系副词when, where与why来引导，它们的区别是：when用于指时间，where用于指地点，why用于指原因。when, where, why 在定语从句中均用作状语。如：

　1980 was the year when he was born. 1980是他的出生年。

　This is the town where I was born. 这就是我出生的城市。

　These are the reasons why we do it. 这些就是我们这样做的理由。

　2. 先行词问题

　关系副词when和where的先行词是表示时间(如the day, the days, the time, the year等)和地点(如the place, the house, the factory, the station等)的一类词，而关系副词why的先行词通常只是the reason(s)。另外，when和where可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，而why则只用于引导限制性定语从句，不用于引导非限制性定语从句。

　3. 一点注意

　注意不要以为在时间名词后就一定用关系副词when，在地点名词后就一定用关系副词 where，在表示原因的the reason后就一定用关系副词why。到底选用关系副词还是关系代词，关键是看它们在定语是用作状语(用关系副词)还是用作主语或宾语(用关系代词)。如：

　Don’t forget the time (that) I’ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。(that用作told的宾语)

　I’ll never forget the days when I worked with you. 我永远不会忘记我与你共事的日子。(when用作状语)

　He works in a factory that [which] makes radio parts. 他在一家制造无线电零件的工厂工作。(that, which 在从句中用作主语，且不能省略)

　He works in the factory where his father worked. 他在他父亲工作过的那家工厂工作。(where作状语)

　That’s the reason that [which] he explained to us. 那就是他向我们解释的理由。(that或which在从句中用作explained的宾语)

　That’s the reason why she left home. 那就是她离家出走的原因。(where在从句中作状语)

　4. 一个错点

　英语中的关系副词主要是 when, where, why三个。不要想当然地将how用作关系副词修饰the way。如不说 This is the way how he spoke，可改为 This is how he spoke(how引导的是表语从句)，当然也可说成 This is the way (that, in which) he spoke.(其中的that, in which可省略